Here are some key points about rheumatic fever:
- Cause: Rheumatic fever is an autoimmune response to an initial streptococcal infection. It is believed that the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own tissues, particularly the heart, joints, skin, and central nervous system, in response to certain proteins produced by the streptococcus bacteria.
- Symptoms: The symptoms of rheumatic fever can vary, but commonly include fever, joint pain and swelling (arthritis), chest pain, heart murmurs, fatigue, skin rash, and nodules under the skin. It can also lead to complications such as inflammation of the heart (carditis), which can affect the heart valves and lead to long-term heart problems.
- Diagnosis: Rheumatic fever is diagnosed based on a combination of clinical signs and symptoms, a history of recent streptococcal infection, and certain laboratory tests. Blood tests may be done to check for signs of inflammation and the presence of specific antibodies related to the streptococcal infection.
- Treatment: The primary goal of treating rheumatic fever is to eliminate the streptococcal infection and reduce inflammation. This typically involves a course of antibiotics, such as penicillin or erythromycin, to eradicate the remaining streptococcus bacteria. Anti-inflammatory medications, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or corticosteroids, may be prescribed to reduce inflammation and relieve symptoms. In severe cases, long-term treatment with medications may be required to manage heart complications.
- Prevention: The best way to prevent rheumatic fever is to promptly and adequately treat streptococcal infections, particularly strep throat. It is important to complete the full course of prescribed antibiotics, even if symptoms improve. Individuals with a history of rheumatic fever are often advised to take long-term antibiotic prophylaxis to prevent recurrent infections and reduce the risk of further complications.
- Long-term Outlook: Prompt treatment of rheumatic fever can help prevent or minimize complications. However, in some cases, rheumatic fever can cause lasting damage to the heart valves (rheumatic heart disease), leading to chronic heart problems and increased risk of future infections. Regular follow-up with a healthcare provider is important to monitor heart health and manage any ongoing complications.
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